Menyalin
file :
p
file_yang_akan_disalin direktori_tujuan
cp file
/path/ke/direktori/sesuatu : mengkopi file tertentu ke direktori
tertentu.
cp -r folder
/path/ke/direktori/sesuatu : mengkopi
folder tertentu secara rekursif ke direktori
tertentu.
cp *.extension
/path/ke/direktori/sesuatu :
mengkopi file-file yang berekstensi tertentu ke
direktori tertentu.
cp nama* /path/ke/direktori/sesuatu : mengopi file-file yang namanya
diawali dengan
'nama' ke direktori tertentu.
Memindahkan
file :
mv file direktori_tujuan : memindahkan file.
mv nama_file_lama.ehm
nama_file_baru.ehm : Perintah
ini memiliki cara kerja yang hampir
sama
dengan cp.
Menghapus
file :
rm file : menghapus file.
rm -r folder : menghapus folder.
rm -rf folder :
menghapus folder secara paksa.
Mencari
file dalam direktori : find
nama_file/folder_yang_akan_dicari
PERINTAH
MANAJEMEN PROSES :
ps : melihat daftar proses yang sedang
berjalan.
ps
u : menampilkan status proses yang
sedang berjalan beserta keterangan
user
yang menjalankannya.
ps
-u : mencapai proses yang spesifik
untuk pemakan.
ps
a : menampilkan semua status proses
yang sedang berjalan.
ps
–au : mencari proses lainnya.
ps
aux : elihat daftar proses yang berjalan
dengan lebih detail.
top : melihat proses yang sedang
berjalan.
htop : menampilkan monitor sistem
interaktif.
ps
-eH : menampilkan hubungan prosesparent
dan child
ps
-eF : menampilkan hubungan prosesparent
dan child serta letak
prosesnya.
pstree : menampilkan semua proses pada
sistem dalam bentuk hirarki
parent/child.
kill
PID : membunuh sebuah proses yang
memiliki PID tertentu.
pkill
program : membunuh sebuah proses yang
memiliki nama tertentu.
killall
program : membunuh semua proses yang memiliki PID tertentu
kill
%<nomor job> : menghentikan sebuah proses yang
memiliki nomor job tertentu.
renice
<prioritas> <PID> :
mengubah prioritas suatu proses.
PERINTAH KONKURENSI :
find ~ -name karakteristik | xargs
>> nama_file :
Memasukkan
hasil pencarian pada direktori home & pencarian terhadap suatu nama file
atau folder tertentu (karakteristik) ke dalam sebuah file.
sudo find direktori –name karakteristik
| grep karakteristik :
Menampilkan
hasil pencarian dengan hak akses superuser pada direktori tertentu dan
pencarian terhadap suatu nama file atau folder tertentu (karakteristik) dan
menabdai ketentuan (karakteristik) tersebut dengan warna khusus.
sudo find direktori –name karakteristik
| xargs ls –l :
Menampilkan
hasil pencarian dengan hak akses superuser pada direktori tertentu dan
pencarian terhadap suatu nama file atau folder tertentu (karakteristik) dan
hasil pencarian digabungkan dengan keterangan atribut ang ada untuk
ditampilkan.
BASIC TERMINAL SORTCUTC :
CTRL L : Clear the terminal
CTRL D : Logout
CTRL A : Cursor to start of line
CTRL E : Cursor to the end of line
CTRL U : Delete left of the
cursor
CTRL K : Delete right of the cursor
CTRL W : Delete word on the left
CTRL Y : Paste (after CTRL U, K
or W)
CTRL R : Reverse search history
CTRL Z : Stops the current
command
SHIFT Page Up/Down : Go Up/Down
the terminal
TAB :
Auto completion of file or command
!! :
Repeat last command
Basic File Manipulation
cat <fileName> : show
content of file (less, more)
head : from the
top
-n <#oflines>
<fileName>
tail : from
the bottom
-n <#oflines> <fileName>
mkdir : create
new folder
mkdir myStuff ..
mkdir myStuff/pictures/ ..
cp image.jpg newimage.jpg :
copy and rename a file
cp image.jpg <folderName>/ :
copy to folder
cp image.jpg folder/sameImageNewName.jpg
cp -R stuff otherStuff :
copy and rename a folder
cp *.txt stuff/ :
copy all of *<file type> to folder
touch <fileName> :
create or update a file
ln file1 file2 :
physical link
ln -s file1 file2 :
symbolic link
Researching Files
The slow method (sometimes very slow):
locate <text> :
search the content of all the files
locate <fileName> :
search for a file
sudo updatedb :
update database of files
find :
the best file search tool (fast)
find -name “<fileName>”
find -name “text” : search
for files who start with the word text
find -name “*text” : “ “
“ “ end “ “ “ “
Advanced Search:
Search from file Size (in ~)
find ~
-size +10M = search files bigger than.. (M,K,G)
Search from last access
find -name
“<filetype>” -atime -5
('-' = less than, '+' = more than and nothing = exactly)
Search only files or directory’s
find -type d
--> ex: find /var/log -name "syslog" -type d
find -type f = files
More info: man find, man locate
Extract, sort and filter data
grep <someText> <fileName> :
search for text in file
-i = Doesn't
consider uppercase words
-I = exclude
binary files
grep -r <text> <folderName>/ :
search for file names with occurrence of the text
With regular expressions:
grep -E ^<text> <fileName> :
search start of lines with the word text
grep -E <0-4> <fileName> :
shows lines containing numbers 0-4
grep -E <a-zA-Z> <fileName> :
retrieve all lines with alphabetical letters
sort : sort the content of files
sort <fileName> : sort alphabetically
sort -o <file> <outputFile> :
write result to a file
sort -r <fileName> :
sort in reverse
sort -R <fileName> :
sort randomly
sort -n <fileName> :
sort numbers
wc : word
count
wc <fileName> : nbr of
line, nbr of words, byte size -l (lines), -w (words), -c (byte size), -m
(number of characters)
cut : cut a part of a file
-c --> ex: cut -c 2-5 names.txt (cut the characters 2 to 5 of each line)
-d (delimiter) (-d & -f good for .csv files)
-f (# of field to cut)
more info: man cut, man sort, man grep
Time settings :
date : view & modify
time (on your computer)
View :
date “+%H” --> If it's 9 am, then it will show 09 -r
date “+%H:%M:%Ss” :
(hours, minutes, seconds)
%Y = years
Modify:
MMDDhhmmYYYY
Month | Day | Hours | Minutes | Year
sudo date 031423421997 = March 14th 1997, 23:42
Execute programs at another time
use 'at' to execute programs in the future
Step 1, write in the terminal: at <timeOfExecution> ENTER
ex --> at 16:45 or at 13:43 7/23/11 (to be more precise)
or after a certain delay:
at now +5 minutes (hours,days, weeks, months, years)
Step 2 : <ENTER COMMAND> ENTER
repeat step 2 as
many times you need
Step 3 : CTRL D to close input
atq = show a list of jobs waiting to be executed
atrm = delete a job n°<x>
ex (delete job #42) --> atrm 42
sleep = pause between commands
with ';' you can chain
commands, ex: touch file; rm file you can make a pause between commands
(minutes, hours, days)
ex --> touch file; sleep 10; rm file <-- 10 seconds
crontab = execute a command regularly
-e =
modify the crontab
-l =
view current crontab
-r =
delete you crontab
In crontab the syntax is
<Minutes> <Hours> <Day of month> <Day of week (0-6, 0
= Sunday)> <COMMAND>
ex, create the file movies.txt every day at 15:47:
47 15 * * * touch /home/bob/movies.txt
* * * * * --> every minute
at 5:30 in the morning, from the 1st to 15th each month:
30 5 1-15 * *
at midnight on Mondays, Wednesdays and Thursdays:
0 0 * * 1,3,4
every two hours:
0 */2 * * *
every 10 minutes Monday to Friday:
*/10 * * * 1-5
Execute programs in the background
Add a '&' at the end of a command
ex --> cp bigMovieFile.mp4 &
nohup: ignores the HUP signal when closing the console
(process will still run if the terminal is closed)
ex --> nohup cp bigMovieFile.mp4
jobs : know what is running in the
background
fg : put a background process to
foreground
ex: fg (process 1), f%2 (process 2) f%3, ...
Process Management
w : who is logged on and what they
are doing
tload : graphic representation of
system load average (quit with CTRL C)
ps : Static process list
-ef --> ex: ps -ef | less
-ejH --> show process hierarchy
-u --> process's from current user
Dynamic process list
While in top:
• q to close top
• h to show the help
• k to kill a process
CTRL C to top a current terminal process
kill : kill a process
You need the PID # of the process
ps -u <AccountName> | grep <Application>
Then
kill <PID> .. .. ..
kill -9 <PID> :
violent kill
killall : kill multiple
process's
ex -->
killall locate
extras:
sudo halt <-- to close computer
sudo reboot <-- to reboot
Create and modify user accounts
sudo adduser bob :
root creates new user
sudo passwd <AccountName> :
change a user's password
sudo deluser <AccountName> :
delete an account
addgroup friends :
create a new user group
delgroup friends :
delete a user group
usermod -g friends <Account> :
add user to a group
usermod -g bob boby :
change account name
usermod -aG friends bob :
add groups to a user without loosing the ones he's already in
File Permissions
chown :
change the owner of a file. ex --> chown bob hello.txt
chown user:bob report.txt : changes
the user owning report.txt to 'user' and the group owning it
to 'bob'
-R :
recursively affect all the sub folders.
ex --> chown -R bob:bob /home/Daniel
chmod :
modify user access/permission – simple way
u = user
g = group
o = other
d = directory (if element is a directory)
l = link (if
element is a file link)
r = read (read permissions)
w = write (write permissions)
x = eXecute (only useful for scripts and programs)
'+' means add a right
'-' means delete a right
'=' means affect a right
ex --> chmod g+w someFile.txt (add to current group the right to modify
someFile.txt)
more info : man chmod
Flow redirection
Redirect results of commands:
'>' at the end of a command to redirect the result to a file. ex --> ps
-ejH > process.txt
'>>' to redirect the result to the end of a file
Redirect errors:
'2>' at the end of the command to redirect the result to a file. ex -->
cut -d , -f 1 file.csv > file 2> errors.log
'2>&1' to redirect the errors the same way as the standard output
Read progressively from the keyboard
<Command> << <wordToTerminateInput>
ex --> sort << END <-- This can be anything you want
> Hello
> Alex
> Cinema
> Game
> Code
> Ubuntu
> END
terminal output:
Alex
Cinema
Game
Code
Ubuntu
Another example --> wc -m << END
Chain commands
'|' at the end of a command to enter another one. ex --> du | sort -nr |
less
Archive and compress data
Archive and compress data the long way:
Step 1, put all the files you want to compress in the same folder: ex --> mv
*.txt folder/
Step 2, Create the tar file:
tar -cvf my_archive.tar folder/
-c : creates a .tar archive
-v : tells you what is happening (verbose)
-f : assembles the archive into one file
Step 3.1, create gzip file (most current):
gzip my_archive.tar
to decompress: gunzip my_archive.tar.gz
Step 3.2, or create a bzip2 file (more powerful but slow):
bzip2 my_archive.tar
to decompress: bunzip2 my_archive.tar.bz2
step 4, to decompress the .tar file:
tar -xvf archive.tar archive.tar
Archive and compress data the fast way:
gzip: tar -zcvf my_archive.tar.gz folder/
decompress: tar -zcvf my_archive.tar.gz Documents/
bzip2: tar -jcvf my_archive.tar.gz folder/
decompress: tar -jxvf archive.tar.bz2 Documents/
Show the content of .tar, .gz or .bz2 without decompressing it:
gzip:
gzip -ztf archive.tar.gz
bzip2:
bzip2 -jtf archive.tar.bz2
tar:
tar -tf archive.tar
tar extra:
tar -rvf archive.tar file.txt :
add a file to the .tar
You can also directly compress a single file and view the file without
decompressing:
Step 1, use gzip or bzip2 to compress the file:
gzip numbers.txt
Step 2, view the file without decompressing it:
zcat : view the entire file in the
console (same as cat)
zmore : view one screen at a time the
content of the file (same as more)
zless : view one line of the file at a
time (same as less)
Installing software
When software is available in the repositories:
sudo apt-get install <nameOfSoftware>
ex--> sudo apt-get install aptitude
If you download it from the Internets in .gz format (or bz2) - “Compiling from
source”
Step 1, create a folder to place the file:
mkdir /home/username/src <-- then cd to it
Step 2, with 'ls' verify that the file is there
(if not, mv ../file.tar.gz /home/username/src/)
Step 3, decompress the file (if .zip: unzip <file>)
Step 4, use 'ls', you should see a new directory
Step 5, cd to the new directory
Step 6.1, use ls to verify you have an INSTALL file, then: more INSTALL
If you don't have an INSTALL file:
Step 6.2, execute ./configure <-- creates a makefile
Step 6.2.1, run make <-- builds application binaries
Step 6.2.2 : switch to root --> su
Step 6.2.3 : make install <-- installs the software
Step 7, read the readme file
Semoga bermanfaat sahabat :)
Referensi :
http://www.cheatography.com/davechild/cheat-sheets/linux-command-line/
[Latihan] Praktikum SO 1.pdf
google.com
.JPG)
.JPG){kind=small}
